{"id":7097,"date":"2026-09-14T13:06:19","date_gmt":"2026-09-14T13:06:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dev95.site\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/"},"modified":"2026-09-14T13:06:19","modified_gmt":"2026-09-14T13:06:19","slug":"before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev95.site\/ar\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/","title":{"rendered":"Before \u201cLake America,\u201d There Was \u201cLake Frontenac\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"dev95-1907835469\" class=\"dev95-- dev95-entity-placement\"><script async=\"async\" data-cfasync=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/pl27862732.profitableratecpmnetwork.com\/2ad7a50e0bbc23ac6801d7b77c501463\/invoke.js\"><\/script>\r\n<div id=\"container-2ad7a50e0bbc23ac6801d7b77c501463\"><\/div><\/div><div id=\"dev95-3136108310\" class=\"dev95-before-content dev95-entity-placement\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Stop wasting time on dead links! \ud83d\uded1 This smart platform automatically detects your device and country to give you the exact best offer instantly. Check it out now 100% free! \ud83d\udc47<\/strong><br data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-pl=\"|||[]\" data-complete=\"true\" data-copy-service-computed-style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif, &quot;Noto Color Emoji&quot;; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.profitableratecpmnetwork.com\/pvhx5mbcc?key=ff7d362db3c20bc86fad685cc94f1fc4\">\ud83d\udd17 <strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-complete=\"true\" aria-owns=\"action-menu-parent-container\" data-copy-service-computed-style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif, &quot;Noto Color Emoji&quot;; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);\">[Click here]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>By Scott Berthelette<\/em><\/p><div id=\"dev95-2542235204\" class=\"dev95- dev95-entity-placement\"><center>\r\n<script>\r\n  atOptions = {\r\n    'key' : '4ba6b6513c00e0ba76511f798ae56401',\r\n    'format' : 'iframe',\r\n    'height' : 50,\r\n    'width' : 320,\r\n    'params' : {}\r\n  };\r\n<\/script>\r\n<script src=\"https:\/\/www.highrevenueformat.com\/4ba6b6513c00e0ba76511f798ae56401\/invoke.js\"><\/script>\r\n\t<\/center><\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On August 27, 2026, President of the United States Donald Trump signed an executive order directing the U.S. federal government to rename Lake Ontario \u201cLake America.\u201d The order requires the U.S. Board on Geographic Names and federal agencies to use the new name on federal maps, databases, documents, and communications.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Immediately after Trump\u2019s executive order, Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney issued a statement explaining where the name <em>Ontario<\/em> comes from:<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThe name Lake Ontario comes from the Wendat word Ontari\u2019io, which, appropriately, means \u2018the lake is beautiful, the lake is big.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The name, Carney emphasized, is more than four centuries old, predating both Canadian Confederation and the American Declaration of Independence. His conclusion was pointed: Canadians understand that \u201cnaming reality means calling it Lake Ontario \u2013 then, now and always.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"936\" height=\"537\" data-attachment-id=\"144056\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/image-145\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-2.png\" data-orig-size=\"936,537\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta='{\"aperture\":\"0\",\"credit\":\"\",\"camera\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"created_timestamp\":\"0\",\"copyright\":\"\",\"focal_length\":\"0\",\"iso\":\"0\",\"shutter_speed\":\"0\",\"title\":\"\",\"orientation\":\"0\",\"alt\":\"\"}' data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-2.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-2.png?resize=936%2C537&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-144056\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.7430167597765363;width:624px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-2.png 936w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-2-300x172.png 300w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-2-768x441.png 768w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-2-624x358.png 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 936px) 100vw, 936px\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong>Figure<\/strong> <strong>1:<\/strong> Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney responds to the proposed renaming of Lake Ontario as \u201cLake America,\u201d August 27, 2026. Screenshot of post on X (@MarkJCarney).<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">Ontario Premier Doug Ford\u2019s response was considerably more combative and theatrical. On August 29, wearing a Team Canada soccer jersey, Ford unveiled an enormous 24-by-12-foot sign on the Lake Ontario shoreline near Hamilton:<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cLake Ontario. Now and Always.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lac Ontario. Aujourd\u2019hui et pour toujours.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"936\" height=\"629\" data-attachment-id=\"144059\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/image-148\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-3.png\" data-orig-size=\"936,629\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta='{\"aperture\":\"0\",\"credit\":\"\",\"camera\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"created_timestamp\":\"0\",\"copyright\":\"\",\"focal_length\":\"0\",\"iso\":\"0\",\"shutter_speed\":\"0\",\"title\":\"\",\"orientation\":\"0\",\"alt\":\"\"}' data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-3.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-3.png?resize=936%2C629&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-144059\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.4892601431980907;width:624px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-3.png 936w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-3-300x202.png 300w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-3-768x516.png 768w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-3-624x419.png 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 936px) 100vw, 936px\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong>Figure<\/strong> <strong>2:<\/strong> Ontario Premier Doug Ford (right) and Niagara West Member of Provincial Parliament Sam Oosterhoff unveil the \u201cLake Ontario: Now and Always\u201d sign at Fifty Point Conservation Area in Grimsby, Ontario, August 29, 2026. Photograph by Keito Newman\/The Canadian Press.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The $25,000 sign, elevated approximately six feet above the ground, makes the entire structure nearly eighteen feet high. \u201cPresident Trump can call it whatever, but I can tell you the rest of the world will always call it Lake Ontario,\u201d Ford said.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"935\" height=\"520\" data-attachment-id=\"144053\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/image-142\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image.jpeg\" data-orig-size=\"935,520\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta='{\"aperture\":\"0\",\"credit\":\"\",\"camera\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"created_timestamp\":\"0\",\"copyright\":\"\",\"focal_length\":\"0\",\"iso\":\"0\",\"shutter_speed\":\"0\",\"title\":\"\",\"orientation\":\"0\",\"alt\":\"\"}' data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image.jpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image.jpeg?resize=935%2C520&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-144053\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.7953890489913544;width:623px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image.jpeg 935w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-300x167.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-768x427.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-624x347.jpeg 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 935px) 100vw, 935px\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong>Figure<\/strong> <strong>3:<\/strong> Lake Ontario displayed as \u201cLake America\u201d on Google Maps for users in the United States.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The current controversy is not the first time that a government official has tried to give Lake Ontario a different name. In fact, the lake has carried several names over its long history. During the early and mid-seventeenth century, French writers and mapmakers variously referred to it as <em>lac des Iroquois<\/em>, <em>lac Saint-Louis<\/em>, <em>lac Ontario<\/em>,and <em>Skanadario<\/em> (\u201cbeautiful lake\u201d). Of these competing names, <em>Ontario<\/em> ultimately endured, becoming the name not only of the lake but, in the late nineteenth century, of the province.<a href=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/#_ftn1\" id=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> There was no single, universally accepted name for the lake during much of the seventeenth century.<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"more-144052\"><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"936\" height=\"727\" data-attachment-id=\"144054\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/image-143\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-1.jpeg\" data-orig-size=\"936,727\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta='{\"aperture\":\"0\",\"credit\":\"\",\"camera\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"created_timestamp\":\"0\",\"copyright\":\"\",\"focal_length\":\"0\",\"iso\":\"0\",\"shutter_speed\":\"0\",\"title\":\"\",\"orientation\":\"0\",\"alt\":\"\"}' data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-1.jpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-1.jpeg?resize=936%2C727&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-144054\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.28659793814433;width:624px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-1.jpeg 936w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-1-300x233.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-1-768x597.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-1-624x485.jpeg 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 936px) 100vw, 936px\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong>Figure<\/strong> <strong>4:<\/strong> Jesuit Pierre Raffeix\u2019s map identifies the lake as \u201cLac Ontario ou de St. Louis.\u201d Pierre Raffeix, Le lac Ontario avec les lieux circonvoisins et particuli\u00e8rement les cinq nations iroquoises, 1688. Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France, D\u00e9partement des Cartes et plans, GE D-8043.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">For several decades in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, European maps also identified Lake Ontario as <em>Lac Frontenac<\/em> (\u201cLake Frontenac\u201d), after Louis de Buade, comte de Frontenac, governor general of New France. Frontenac served two terms as governor, first from 1672 to 1682 and again from 1689 until his death in 1698. Like Donald Trump, Frontenac was extremely self-confident, extravagant and vain, highly quarrelsome, sensitive to challenges to his authority, and deeply concerned with his own status and reputation. No other governor of New France \u2013 not even the longer-serving Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil (twenty-two years), or Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois (twenty-one years) \u2013 enjoyed the distinction of having one of the Great Lakes named after him. While I have found no archival document explicitly stating that Frontenac wanted Lake Ontario to bear his name, <em>Lac Frontenac<\/em> became a widely accepted designation for the lake during his governorship and circulated among his prot\u00e9g\u00e9s, associates, and admirers, suggesting that the old governor was hardly troubled by the honour.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Frontenac became governor of New France in 1672. He was a more expansionist governor than his immediate predecessors and was determined to promote (and participate in) the fur trade. In 1673 he ordered the construction of a trading post at Cataraqui, at the eastern end of Lake Ontario, on the site of present-day Kingston, Ontario. Residents of Montreal were ordered to assist in its construction. The post, initially known as Fort Cataraqui and soon as Fort Frontenac, proved expensive to maintain, and in 1675 it was conceded as a seigneury to Ren\u00e9-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, one of Frontenac\u2019s close allies, who agreed to rebuild and garrison it at his own expense. Montreal\u2019s merchants and fur traders were incensed. They feared, with some justification, that Fort Frontenac would allow the governor and his associates to monopolize the fur trade by diverting the furs exchanged in the Lake Ontario region away from Montreal. Frontenac himself had financial interests in the trade, and his governorship became entangled in bitter disputes over commerce, patronage, and political authority.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"936\" height=\"874\" data-attachment-id=\"144057\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/image-146\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-3.jpeg\" data-orig-size=\"936,874\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta='{\"aperture\":\"0\",\"credit\":\"\",\"camera\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"created_timestamp\":\"0\",\"copyright\":\"\",\"focal_length\":\"0\",\"iso\":\"0\",\"shutter_speed\":\"0\",\"title\":\"\",\"orientation\":\"0\",\"alt\":\"\"}' data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-3.jpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-3.jpeg?resize=936%2C874&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-144057\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.0703259005145798;width:624px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-3.jpeg 936w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-3-300x280.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-3-768x717.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-3-624x583.jpeg 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 936px) 100vw, 936px\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong>Figure<\/strong> <strong>5:<\/strong> Detail from Vincenzo Coronelli\u2019s Partie occidentale du Canada ou de la Nouvelle France ou sont les Nations des Ilinois, de Tracy, les Iroquois, et plusieurs autres Peuples, 1688. Coronelli identifies the lake by four names: Frontenac, Ontario, Skaniadorio, and Saint-Louis. John Carter Brown Library, Map Collection.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many of those who promoted the name <em>Lac Frontenac<\/em> moved within the political and patronage networks surrounding the governor. They were, for the most part, clients or associates of Frontenac and likely substituted \u201cFrontenac\u201d for \u201cOntario\u201d in their <em>r\u00e9cits de voyage<\/em> (travel narratives), letters, reports, and maps as a form of flattery, one that might help to secure patronage, promotions, or other favours from the governor. Such gestures were part of the patronage networks that permeated the political culture of New France and, more broadly, <em>Ancien R\u00e9gime<\/em> France. Advancement depended heavily upon cultivating powerful protectors who could recommend clients for offices, obtain royal permissions, and commercial privileges, or advance their interests at court. Naming a fort, lake, river, or newly \u201cdiscovered\u201d territory after a patron was a political gesture and a public expression of loyalty and gratitude that reinforced the relationship between patron and client.<a href=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/#_ftn2\" id=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These political gestures of patronage even extended beyond the eastern Great Lakes. In 1673, fur trader Louis Jolliet departed on an expedition commissioned by the government of New France to investigate reports of a great river flowing south: the Mississippi. Accompanied by the Jesuit Jacques Marquette, Jolliet descended the Mississippi as far as the Arkansas River, far enough to determine that the river emptied not into the Pacific but into the Gulf of Mexico, another body of water which the Trump administration has tried to rename. Satisfied with their discoveries, Jolliet and Marquette began their homeward journey. While Marquette remained at the mission of Saint-Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier in present-day Wisconsin, Jolliet hastened back to Quebec to report to Governor Frontenac.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The map <strong>(Figure 6)<\/strong> that Jolliet subsequently presented to Frontenac transformed the geography of the continental interior into an extraordinary tribute to the governor and his family. Lake Ontario appeared as <em>Lac Frontenac ou Ontario<\/em>, while the Mississippi became the <em>Rivi\u00e8re de Buade<\/em>, taking on Frontenac\u2019s family name. In the letter accompanying the map, Jolliet explicitly drew the governor\u2019s attention to the honour, describing what we now know as the Mississippi as the great river \u201cwhich bears your name.\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/#_ftn3\" id=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> Finally, Jolliet labelled a vast territory in the interior <em>Frontenacie<\/em>, essentially, \u201cFrontenac-land.\u201d The names were hardly accidental. Jolliet was presenting the results of his expedition to Frontenac, and naming so much of the continent after the governor was an obvious form of flattery.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"936\" height=\"712\" data-attachment-id=\"144055\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/image-144\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-2.jpeg\" data-orig-size=\"936,712\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta='{\"aperture\":\"0\",\"credit\":\"\",\"camera\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"created_timestamp\":\"0\",\"copyright\":\"\",\"focal_length\":\"0\",\"iso\":\"0\",\"shutter_speed\":\"0\",\"title\":\"\",\"orientation\":\"0\",\"alt\":\"\"}' data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-2.jpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-2.jpeg?resize=936%2C712&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-144055\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.3136842105263158;width:624px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-2.jpeg 936w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-2-300x228.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-2-768x584.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-2-624x475.jpeg 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 936px) 100vw, 936px\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 6:<\/strong> Louis Jolliet\u2019s map contains three tributes to Frontenac including <em>Lac Frontenac<\/em>, <em>Rivi\u00e8re de Buade<\/em>, and <em>Frontenacie<\/em>, essentially, \u201cFrontenac-land.\u201d Louis Jolliet, <em>Nouvelle d\u00e9couverte de plusieurs nations dans la Nouvelle France en l\u2019ann\u00e9e 1673 et 1674<\/em>, 1674. John Carter Brown Library, Map Collection.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"935\" height=\"796\" data-attachment-id=\"144060\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/image-149\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-4.png\" data-orig-size=\"935,796\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta='{\"aperture\":\"0\",\"credit\":\"\",\"camera\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"created_timestamp\":\"0\",\"copyright\":\"\",\"focal_length\":\"0\",\"iso\":\"0\",\"shutter_speed\":\"0\",\"title\":\"\",\"orientation\":\"0\",\"alt\":\"\"}' data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-4.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-4.png?resize=935%2C796&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-144060\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.1732580037664784;width:623px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-4.png 935w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-4-300x255.png 300w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-4-768x654.png 768w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-4-624x531.png 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 935px) 100vw, 935px\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong>Figure 7:<\/strong> Detail showing \u201cLac Ontario a present Lac Frontenac\u201d on a map based on Louis Jolliet\u2019s expedition map. Carte de l\u2019Amerique Septentrionale Depuis l\u2019embouch\u00fbre de la Riviere St. Laurens jusques au Sein Mexique, 1675. John Carter Brown Library, Map Collection.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">Ren\u00e9-Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle took charge of the newly built fort at Cataraqui in 1673 and secured the official seigneurial grant for the fort in 1675. Initially known as Fort Cataraqui, the establishment soon became known as Fort Frontenac in honour of La Salle\u2019s powerful patron. By May 1675, when King Louis XIV of France formally granted the post to La Salle, the royal concession already referred to it as \u201cthe fort called Frontenac,\u201d while continuing to call the body of water on which it stood \u201cLake Ontario.\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/#_ftn4\" id=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> With Frontenac\u2019s support, La Salle subsequently received permission to establish trading posts farther into the continental interior, extending French commercial and territorial claims at relatively little cost to the Crown. In 1682, La Salle descended the Mississippi to its mouth and claimed the entire Mississippi basin for Louis XIV under the name of \u201cLouisiana.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"906\" height=\"643\" data-attachment-id=\"144061\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/image-150\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-5.png\" data-orig-size=\"906,643\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta='{\"aperture\":\"0\",\"credit\":\"\",\"camera\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"created_timestamp\":\"0\",\"copyright\":\"\",\"focal_length\":\"0\",\"iso\":\"0\",\"shutter_speed\":\"0\",\"title\":\"\",\"orientation\":\"0\",\"alt\":\"\"}' data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-5.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-5.png?resize=906%2C643&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-144061\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.407925407925408;width:604px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-5.png 906w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-5-300x213.png 300w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-5-768x545.png 768w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-5-624x443.png 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 906px) 100vw, 906px\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong>Figure<\/strong> <strong>8:<\/strong> Detail of \u201cLac Frontenac\u201d in Jean-Baptiste-Louis Franquelin\u2019s Carte de la Louisiane ou des voyages du Sr. de La Salle, 1684. Reduced facsimile of a manuscript copy made in Paris for Francis Parkman, now held by Harvard University. The original, formerly preserved in the Archives de la Marine in Paris, has been lost. Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">Like Jolliet, La Salle likewise adopted the governor\u2019s name for Lake Ontario. The official narrative of La Salle\u2019s voyages from 1679 to 1681, for example, describes the Niagara River as emptying into \u201cLake Frontenac\u201d (<em>la rivi\u00e8re de Niagara se jette dans le lac Frontenac<\/em>).<a href=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/#_ftn5\" id=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a> The choice was revealing. La Salle was a close prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of Frontenac whose western ambitions depended heavily upon the governor\u2019s support, and the name <em>Lac Frontenac<\/em> circulated through accounts and maps associated with his expeditions. For example, Jean-Baptiste-Louis Franquelin\u2019s 1684 <em>Carte de la Louisiane ou des voyages du Sr de La Salle<\/em> <strong>(Figure 8)<\/strong> identifies Lake Ontario as <em>Lac Frontenac<\/em>. In 1682, the engineer and cartographer Jean-Baptiste Minet, who later joined La Salle\u2019s expedition to the Gulf of Mexico, produced a detailed plan in his journal of the eastern end of Lake Ontario entitled <em>Lac de Frontenac et Source du Saint-Laurent<\/em> <strong>(Figure 9)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"733\" height=\"1024\" data-attachment-id=\"144058\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/image-147\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-4.jpeg\" data-orig-size=\"815,1139\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta='{\"aperture\":\"0\",\"credit\":\"\",\"camera\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"created_timestamp\":\"0\",\"copyright\":\"\",\"focal_length\":\"0\",\"iso\":\"0\",\"shutter_speed\":\"0\",\"title\":\"\",\"orientation\":\"0\",\"alt\":\"\"}' data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-4-733x1024.jpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-4-733x1024.jpeg?resize=733%2C1024&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-144058\" style=\"aspect-ratio:0.7154150197628458;width:543px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-4-733x1024.jpeg 733w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-4-215x300.jpeg 215w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-4-768x1073.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-4-624x872.jpeg 624w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-4.jpeg 815w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 733px) 100vw, 733px\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 9:<\/strong> Jean-Baptiste Minet, <em>Lac de Frontenac et Source du Saint-Laurent<\/em>, from his journal <em>Voyage fait de Canada par dedans les terres allant vers le Sud dans l\u2019ann\u00e9e 1682<\/em>, 1682. Library Archives Canada, R7971-0-7-F, MG18-B19.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">R\u00e9collet missionary Louis Hennepin, who participated in La Salle\u2019s western expeditions and spent considerable time at Fort Frontenac, likewise referred to Lake Ontario as <em>Lac de Frontenac<\/em> in his <em>Description de la Louisiane<\/em> published in Paris in 1683. Hennepin\u2019s published firsthand account included an important fold-out engraved map titled <em>Carte de la Nouvelle France et de la Louisiane nouvellement d\u00e9couverte<\/em> <strong>(Figure 10)<\/strong> which also depicted <em>Lac Frontenac<\/em>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"975\" height=\"856\" data-attachment-id=\"144063\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/image-151\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-6.png\" data-orig-size=\"975,856\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta='{\"aperture\":\"0\",\"credit\":\"\",\"camera\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"created_timestamp\":\"0\",\"copyright\":\"\",\"focal_length\":\"0\",\"iso\":\"0\",\"shutter_speed\":\"0\",\"title\":\"\",\"orientation\":\"0\",\"alt\":\"\"}' data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-6.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-6.png?resize=975%2C856&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-144063\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.139031314886224;width:558px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-6.png 975w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-6-300x263.png 300w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-6-768x674.png 768w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-6-624x548.png 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong>Figure 10:<\/strong> Detail of \u201cL. Frontenac\u201d from Louis Hennepin, Carte de la Nouvelle France et de la Louisiane nouvellement d\u00e9couverte, 1683. John Carter Brown Library, Map Collection.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">Louis Armand de Lom d\u2019Arce, Baron de Lahontan, a French soldier and chronicler of New France\u2019s history, enjoyed a close relationship with Governor Frontenac. Lahontan served under Frontenac during the defence of Quebec against an expeditionary force of New England colonists in 1690 and generally portrayed the governor favourably in his writings, despite declining Frontenac\u2019s proposal that he marry his eighteen-year-old goddaughter. Lahontan also adopted the governor\u2019s name for Lake Ontario in his <em>Nouveaux Voyages dans l\u2019Am\u00e9rique septentrionale<\/em>. His <em>Carte G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de Canada<\/em>, published in 1703, identifies the lake prominently as <em>Lac Ontario ou de Frontenac<\/em> <strong>(Figure 11)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"975\" height=\"835\" data-attachment-id=\"144065\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/image-152\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-7.png\" data-orig-size=\"975,835\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta='{\"aperture\":\"0\",\"credit\":\"\",\"camera\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"created_timestamp\":\"0\",\"copyright\":\"\",\"focal_length\":\"0\",\"iso\":\"0\",\"shutter_speed\":\"0\",\"title\":\"\",\"orientation\":\"0\",\"alt\":\"\"}' data-image-title=\"image\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-7.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-7.png?resize=975%2C835&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-144065\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.1676802780191138;width:556px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-7.png 975w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-7-300x257.png 300w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-7-768x658.png 768w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-7-624x534.png 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong>Figure 11:<\/strong> Detail showing \u201cLac Ontario ou de Frontenac\u201d in Baron de Lahontan, Carte G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de Canada, 1703, from Nouveaux voyages de Mr. le Baron de Lahontan dans l\u2019Am\u00e9rique septentrionale. John Carter Brown Library, Map Collection.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">Writing from the vantage point of the eighteenth century, the Jesuit historian Pierre-Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier de Charlevoix reflected on this earlier process of naming and renaming Lake Ontario: \u201cThis lake bore for some time the name of Saint Louis; it was subsequently given the name Frontenac, as was the fort of Cataracoui, of which the Comte of Frontenac was the founder. But gradually the lake resumed its former name, which is Huron or Iroquois, and the fort took the name of the place where it was built.\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/#_ftn6\" id=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> As Father Charlevoix noted, the Indigenous name for the lake ultimately reasserted itself in common usage. In the long run, <em>Lake Ontario<\/em> had profound staying power.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Lac Frontenac<\/em> enjoyed considerable currency among French explorers, writers, and mapmakers during the late seventeenth century, but it never completely replaced <em>Ontario<\/em>. During the eighteenth century, <em>Ontario<\/em> increasingly prevailed over <em>Frontenac<\/em>. The governor\u2019s name lingered on some maps for decades, sometimes alongside <em>Ontario<\/em>, but it never succeeded in displacing the older Indigenous-derived name. Something similar happened with the fort. Although <em>Fort Frontenac<\/em> remained an official and recognizable designation, French writers also continued to call the post <em>Cataracoui<\/em> or <em>Cataraqui<\/em>, preserving the Indigenous-derived name of the place where it had been constructed. <a href=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/#_ftn7\" id=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By the eighteenth century, leading French cartographers such as Guillaume Delisle, Philippe Buache, Jacques-Nicolas Bellin, and Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d\u2019Anville had generally returned to <em>Lac Ontario<\/em>. <\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"624\" height=\"487\" data-attachment-id=\"144078\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/delisle-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Delisle-1.png\" data-orig-size=\"624,487\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta='{\"aperture\":\"0\",\"credit\":\"\",\"camera\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"created_timestamp\":\"0\",\"copyright\":\"\",\"focal_length\":\"0\",\"iso\":\"0\",\"shutter_speed\":\"0\",\"title\":\"\",\"orientation\":\"0\",\"alt\":\"\"}' data-image-title=\"Delisle\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Delisle-1.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Delisle-1.png?resize=624%2C487&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-144078\" srcset=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Delisle-1.png 624w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Delisle-1-300x234.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 12:<\/strong> Detail showing \u201cLac Ontario\u201d in Guillaume Delisle, <em>Carte du Canada ou de la Nouvelle France et des d\u00e9couvertes qui y ont \u00e9t\u00e9 faites<\/em>, 1703. William L. Clements Library Image Bank, University of Michigan<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1022\" height=\"822\" data-attachment-id=\"144079\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/bellin\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Bellin.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1022,822\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta='{\"aperture\":\"0\",\"credit\":\"\",\"camera\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"created_timestamp\":\"0\",\"copyright\":\"\",\"focal_length\":\"0\",\"iso\":\"0\",\"shutter_speed\":\"0\",\"title\":\"\",\"orientation\":\"0\",\"alt\":\"\"}' data-image-title=\"Bellin\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Bellin.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Bellin.jpg?resize=1022%2C822&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-144079\" srcset=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Bellin.jpg 1022w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Bellin-300x241.jpg 300w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Bellin-768x618.jpg 768w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Bellin-624x502.jpg 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1022px) 100vw, 1022px\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 13:<\/strong> Jacques-Nicolas Bellin, <em>Partie occidentale de la Nouvelle France ou du Canada<\/em>, 1755. By the mid-eighteenth century, French cartographers had largely returned to the name \u201cLac Ontario.\u201d Wikimedia Commons; image courtesy of Geographicus Rare Antique Maps.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"638\" height=\"439\" data-attachment-id=\"144080\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/bellin-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Bellin-2.png\" data-orig-size=\"638,439\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta='{\"aperture\":\"0\",\"credit\":\"\",\"camera\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\",\"created_timestamp\":\"0\",\"copyright\":\"\",\"focal_length\":\"0\",\"iso\":\"0\",\"shutter_speed\":\"0\",\"title\":\"\",\"orientation\":\"0\",\"alt\":\"\"}' data-image-title=\"Bellin 2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Bellin-2.png\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Bellin-2.png?resize=638%2C439&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-144080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Bellin-2.png 638w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Bellin-2-300x206.png 300w, https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Bellin-2-624x429.png 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 14:<\/strong> Jacques-Nicolas Bellin, <em>Suite du cours du Fleuve de St. Laurent, depuis Quebec jusqu\u2019au Lac Ontario<\/em>, 1757. W. D. Jordan Rare Books and Special Collections, Queen\u2019s University Library, Justin and Elisabeth Lang Collection of Maps.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The governor\u2019s name disappeared from the map, while <em>Ontario<\/em> endured. The term \u201cLake America\u201d will likely meet the same fate. Then as now, the name of a place is not simply what political authorities decree or put on official maps, but what people actually call it. As Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney put it, \u201cCanadians also know that naming reality means calling it Lake Ontario \u2013 then, now and always.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Dr. Scott Berthelette is an Associate Professor in the Department of History at Queen\u2019s University whose research focuses on New France, Euro-Indigenous Relations, and the early modern Atlantic World. His first book,\u00a0Heirs of an Ambivalent Empire: French-Indigenous Relations and the Rise of the M\u00e9tis in the Hudson Bay Watershed, was published with McGill-Queen\u2019s University Press in 2022. It was awarded the Mary Alice and Philip Boucher Book Prize from the French Colonial Historical Society for the best book in French colonial history. Scott has also published his research findings in the\u00a0Canadian Historical Review,\u00a0Ethnohistory,\u00a0American Indian Quarterly, and\u00a0Early American Studies.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bibliography<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Charlevoix, Pierre-Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier de. <em>Journal d\u2019un voyage fait par ordre du roi dans l\u2019Am\u00e9rique septentrionale<\/em>. Edited by Pierre Berthiaume. 2 vols. Montr\u00e9al: Presses de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, 1994.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Eccles, W. J. <em>Frontenac: The Courtier Governor<\/em>. Toronto: McClelland &amp; Stewart, 1959.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Eccles, W. J. \u201cBuade, Louis de, Comte de Frontenac et de Palluau.\u201d In <em>Dictionary of Canadian Biography<\/em>, vol. 1. University of Toronto\/Universit\u00e9 Laval, 2003\u2013. Accessed September 4, 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biographi.ca\/en\/bio\/buade_de_frontenac_et_de_palluau_louis_de_1E.html\">https:\/\/www.biographi.ca\/en\/bio\/buade_de_frontenac_et_de_palluau_louis_de_1E.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Havard, Gilles. <em>Empire et m\u00e9tissages: Indiens et Fran\u00e7ais dans le Pays d\u2019en Haut, 1660\u20131715<\/em>. Sillery, QC: Septentrion, 2003.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hayes, Derek. <em>Historical Atlas of Canada: Canada\u2019s History Illustrated with Original Maps<\/em>. Rev. ed. Madeira Park, BC: Douglas &amp; McIntyre, 2015.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hennepin, Louis. <em>Description de la Louisiane, nouvellement d\u00e9couverte au sud-ouest de la Nouvelle France<\/em>. Paris: Chez la veuve S\u00e9bastien Hur\u00e9, 1683.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La Salle, Ren\u00e9-Robert Cavelier de. <em>Relation of the Discoveries and Voyages of Cavelier de La Salle from 1679 to 1681: The Official Narrative<\/em>. Translated by Melville B. Anderson. Chicago: Caxton Club, 1901.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Litalien, Raymonde, Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Palomino, and Denis Vaugeois. <em>La mesure d\u2019un continent: Atlas historique de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique du Nord, 1492\u20131814<\/em>. Qu\u00e9bec: \u00c9ditions du Septentrion; Paris: Presses de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Paris-Sorbonne, 2007.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Macfarlane, Daniel. <em>The Lives of Lake Ontario: An Environmental History<\/em>. Montreal and Kingston: McGill\u2013Queen\u2019s University Press, 2024.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Murray, Laura. \u201cKa\u2019tarohkwi: The Original Swamp Ward?\u201d <em>Swamp Ward and Inner Harbour History Project<\/em>. Accessed September 8, 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/swampwardhistory.com\/katarokwi-the-original-swamp-ward\/\">https:\/\/swampwardhistory.com\/katarokwi-the-original-swamp-ward\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Palomino, Jean-Fran\u00e7ois. \u201cRelire les cartes g\u00e9ographiques du Mississippi de l\u2019\u00e9poque de Louis Jolliet.\u201d <em>Les Cahiers des Dix<\/em>, no. 77 (2023\u20132024): 1\u201329.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Palomino, Jean-Fran\u00e7ois. <em>Cartographier la Nouvelle-France: Le savoir g\u00e9ographique au service de l\u2019\u00c9tat (1534\u20131744)<\/em>. Montr\u00e9al: Bor\u00e9al, 2026.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Preston, Richard A., ed. <em>Royal Fort Frontenac<\/em>. Translated by Leopold Lamontagne. Toronto: Champlain Society, 1958.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rayburn, Alan. <em>Place Names of Canada<\/em>. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2010.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Roy, Pierre-Georges. <em>Inventaire des insinuations du Conseil souverain de la Nouvelle-France<\/em>. Beauceville, QC: L\u2019\u00c9claireur, 1921.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Walczynski, Mark. <em>Jolliet and Marquette: A New History of the 1673 Expedition<\/em>. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2023.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/#_ftnref1\" id=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> The word \u201cOntario\u201d may be derived from Kaniatar\u00ed:io or Oniatar\u00ed:io, Iroquoian-language terms that can be translated as \u201clake of shining waters\u201d or \u201cbeautiful lake.\u201d Daniel Macfarlane, <em>The Lives of Lake Ontario: An Environmental History<\/em> (Kingston &amp; Montreal: McGill-Queen\u2019s University Press, 2024), 4.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/#_ftnref2\" id=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Palomino, <em>Cartographier la Nouvelle-France: Le savoir g\u00e9ographique au service de l\u2019\u00c9tat (1534\u20131744)<\/em> (Montr\u00e9al: Bor\u00e9al, 2026), 97-107.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/#_ftnref3\" id=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> Louis Jolliet, <em>Nouvelle d\u00e9couverte de plusieurs nations dans la Nouvelle France en l\u2019ann\u00e9e 1673 et 1674<\/em>, 1674. John Carter Brown Library, Map Collection.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/#_ftnref4\" id=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u201cConcession par Sa Majest\u00e9 \u00e0 Robert Cavelier de la Salle du fort Frontenac, 13 mai 1675,\u201d in Pierre-Georges Roy, <em>Inventaire des insinuations du Conseil souverain de la Nouvelle-France<\/em> (Beauceville, QC: L\u2019\u00c9claireur, 1921), 33.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/#_ftnref5\" id=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> Robert Cavelier de La Salle, <em>Relation of the Discoveries and Voyages of Cavelier de La Salle from 1679 to 1681: The Official Narrative<\/em>, trans. Melville B. Anderson (Chicago: Caxton Club, 1901), 20-21.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/#_ftnref6\" id=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> Pierre-Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier de Charlevoix, <em>Journal d\u2019un voyage fait par ordre du roi dans l\u2019Am\u00e9rique septentrionale<\/em>, ed. Pierre Berthiaume (Montr\u00e9al: Presses de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, 1994), 445.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/activehistory.ca\/blog\/2026\/09\/14\/before-lake-america-there-was-lake-frontenac\/#_ftnref7\" id=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> For a discussion of Cataraqui place name, see Laura Murray, \u201cKa\u2019tarohkwi: The Original Swamp Ward?\u201d accessed September 8, 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/swampwardhistory.com\/katarokwi-the-original-swamp-ward\/\">https:\/\/swampwardhistory.com\/katarokwi-the-original-swamp-ward\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"pvc_stats_7097\" class=\"pvc_stats total_only  \" data-element-id=\"7097\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon large\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" data-prefix=\"far\" data-icon=\"chart-bar\" role=\"img\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" class=\"svg-inline--fa fa-chart-bar fa-w-16 fa-2x\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M396.8 352h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V108.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v230.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zm-192 0h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V140.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v198.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zm96 0h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V204.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v134.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zM496 400H48V80c0-8.84-7.16-16-16-16H16C7.16 64 0 71.16 0 80v336c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h464c8.84 0 16-7.16 16-16v-16c0-8.84-7.16-16-16-16zm-387.2-48h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8v-70.4c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v70.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8z\" class=\"\"><\/path><\/svg><\/i> <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dev95.site\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif?resize=16%2C16&#038;ssl=1\" border=0 \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"dev95-3885652467\" class=\"dev95-after-content dev95-entity-placement\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Finally, a link that actually works for your region and device! \ud83c\udf0d Get instant access to the top exclusive offers tailored just for you right now. 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