{"id":10569,"date":"2026-09-22T17:58:21","date_gmt":"2026-09-22T17:58:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dev95.site\/the-u-s-civil-war-leadership-of-general-philip-h-sheridan\/"},"modified":"2026-09-22T17:58:21","modified_gmt":"2026-09-22T17:58:21","slug":"the-u-s-civil-war-leadership-of-general-philip-h-sheridan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev95.site\/ar\/the-u-s-civil-war-leadership-of-general-philip-h-sheridan\/","title":{"rendered":"The U.S. Civil War Leadership of General Philip H. Sheridan"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"dev95-2600683845\" class=\"dev95-- dev95-entity-placement\"><script async=\"async\" data-cfasync=\"false\" src=\"https:\/\/pl27862732.profitableratecpmnetwork.com\/2ad7a50e0bbc23ac6801d7b77c501463\/invoke.js\"><\/script>\r\n<div id=\"container-2ad7a50e0bbc23ac6801d7b77c501463\"><\/div><\/div><div id=\"dev95-1162637727\" class=\"dev95-before-content dev95-entity-placement\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Stop wasting time on dead links! \ud83d\uded1 This smart platform automatically detects your device and country to give you the exact best offer instantly. Check it out now 100% free! \ud83d\udc47<\/strong><br data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-pl=\"|||[]\" data-complete=\"true\" data-copy-service-computed-style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif, &quot;Noto Color Emoji&quot;; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.profitableratecpmnetwork.com\/pvhx5mbcc?key=ff7d362db3c20bc86fad685cc94f1fc4\">\ud83d\udd17 <strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-complete=\"true\" aria-owns=\"action-menu-parent-container\" data-copy-service-computed-style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif, &quot;Noto Color Emoji&quot;; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);\">[Click here]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><div>\n<p class=\"\"><em>In Little Phil: A reassessment of the Civil War Leadership of Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, historian Eric J. Wittenberg critically examines the military performances of the famous Union commander.<\/em><\/p><div id=\"dev95-2308706663\" class=\"dev95- dev95-entity-placement\"><center>\r\n<script>\r\n  atOptions = {\r\n    'key' : '4ba6b6513c00e0ba76511f798ae56401',\r\n    'format' : 'iframe',\r\n    'height' : 50,\r\n    'width' : 320,\r\n    'params' : {}\r\n  };\r\n<\/script>\r\n<script src=\"https:\/\/www.highrevenueformat.com\/4ba6b6513c00e0ba76511f798ae56401\/invoke.js\"><\/script>\r\n\t<\/center><\/div>\n<p class=\"\"><em>Jeb Smith considers this.<\/em><\/p>\n<figure class=\"\n              sqs-block-image-figure\n              intrinsic\n            \"><\/p>\n<p>                <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" data-stretch=\"false\" data-image=\"https:\/\/images.squarespace-cdn.com\/content\/v1\/50adfa2ae4b0cc1d786569eb\/08e5d7b0-da2f-4900-8608-4bf548107025\/20260922+960px-Philip_Sheridan_1-restored.jpg\" data-image-dimensions=\"960x1195\" data-image-focal-point=\"0.5,0.5\" alt=\"\" data-load=\"false\" elementtiming=\"system-image-block\" data-sqsp-image-classic-block-image src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/images.squarespace-cdn.com\/content\/v1\/50adfa2ae4b0cc1d786569eb\/08e5d7b0-da2f-4900-8608-4bf548107025\/20260922%2B960px-Philip_Sheridan_1-restored.jpg?resize=960%2C1195&#038;ssl=1\" width=\"960\" height=\"1195\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, (max-width: 767px) 100vw, 100vw\" onload='this.classList.add(\"loaded\")' srcset=\"https:\/\/images.squarespace-cdn.com\/content\/v1\/50adfa2ae4b0cc1d786569eb\/08e5d7b0-da2f-4900-8608-4bf548107025\/20260922+960px-Philip_Sheridan_1-restored.jpg?format=100w 100w, https:\/\/images.squarespace-cdn.com\/content\/v1\/50adfa2ae4b0cc1d786569eb\/08e5d7b0-da2f-4900-8608-4bf548107025\/20260922+960px-Philip_Sheridan_1-restored.jpg?format=300w 300w, https:\/\/images.squarespace-cdn.com\/content\/v1\/50adfa2ae4b0cc1d786569eb\/08e5d7b0-da2f-4900-8608-4bf548107025\/20260922+960px-Philip_Sheridan_1-restored.jpg?format=500w 500w, https:\/\/images.squarespace-cdn.com\/content\/v1\/50adfa2ae4b0cc1d786569eb\/08e5d7b0-da2f-4900-8608-4bf548107025\/20260922+960px-Philip_Sheridan_1-restored.jpg?format=750w 750w, https:\/\/images.squarespace-cdn.com\/content\/v1\/50adfa2ae4b0cc1d786569eb\/08e5d7b0-da2f-4900-8608-4bf548107025\/20260922+960px-Philip_Sheridan_1-restored.jpg?format=1000w 1000w, https:\/\/images.squarespace-cdn.com\/content\/v1\/50adfa2ae4b0cc1d786569eb\/08e5d7b0-da2f-4900-8608-4bf548107025\/20260922+960px-Philip_Sheridan_1-restored.jpg?format=1500w 1500w, https:\/\/images.squarespace-cdn.com\/content\/v1\/50adfa2ae4b0cc1d786569eb\/08e5d7b0-da2f-4900-8608-4bf548107025\/20260922+960px-Philip_Sheridan_1-restored.jpg?format=2500w 2500w\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-loader=\"sqs\"><\/p>\n<\/figure>\n<p class=\"\"><em>General Philip H. Sheridan. Source: Public domain. unknown, available <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Philip_Sheridan_1-restored.jpg\"><em>here<\/em><\/a><em>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p data-rte-preserve-empty=\"true\" class=\"\">\n<p class=\"\">Wittenberg argues that the military record, and our memory of \u201cLil Phil,\u201d has been distorted to his advantage, in no small part because Sheridan, and the North&#8217;s two most famous and admired generals from the conflict, William T. Sherman and two-time president U.S. Grant, all wrote popular autobiographies after the war. Further, Sheridan became an \u201cAmerican hero\u201d in the federal government&#8217;s war against the Indians after the Civil War, further inflating his reputation as a Civil War commander.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Remembered as a great cavalry general, Wittenberg focuses especially on this aspect of Sheridan&#8217;s legacy. A well-suited historian to do so , he has delved as deeply as any into the largest cavalry battle of the war, which occurred in 1864 at Trevilian Station. Having been told it was a major victory for Sheridan, he came to find from the official documents that it was, in fact, a major Union defeat. Originally an admirer of Sheridan as a commander, he writes that, not only at Trevilian Station but in many of his engagements, \u201cI was disappointed to learn that the official record does not match Sheridan&#8217;s legacy.\u201d Around the same time, he edited a book that examined many of Sheridan&#8217;s actions, especially those around Appomattox, which forced an overhaul of the author&#8217;s opinion of Sheridan as a general. He wrote \u201cI concluded that Sheridan does not deserve the lofty reputation bestowed upon him by history.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">While Wittenberg covers <a href=\"https:\/\/www.historyisnowmagazine.com\/blog\/2025\/11\/6\/the-importance-of-virginia-in-the-us-civil-war?rq=Sheridan\"><span>Sheridan&#8217;s performances<\/span><\/a> in the west, both positive and negative, <em>Little Phil <\/em>focuses primarily on the General as a cavalry and corps commander of the Army of the Potomac in 1864, Wittenberg arguing that before this time he was a subordinate and did not have much influence on battles one way or the other. He casts Sheridan as an awful, harsh leader to his subordinates, who was unable to admit his own poor performance; many viewed him as petty, self-promoting, and hypocritical.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Wittenberg argues that the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.historyisnowmagazine.com\/blog\/2025\/5\/24\/major-general-james-wilson-an-indispensable-man-in-the-us-civil-war?rq=Union%20cavalry\"><span>Union cavalry<\/span><\/a> had already \u201cturned a corner\u201d in mid to late 1863, many by then equipped with breechloaders, Spencer rifles, and that by the time Sheridan came east he had well-armed veterans under him, while most Confederates were still ill-equipped to face the massive technological advantages of the Northern cavalry. The newly-created Cavalry Bureau also provided a supply advantage to the Northern forces. So, when the 1864 campaign began, the North had a massive numerical and technological advantage, almost unprecedented in the history of warfare\u2014over 10,000 well-trained, well-equipped, well-supplied mounted troopers at Sheridan\u2019s command.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">At the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.historyisnowmagazine.com\/blog\/2024\/4\/27\/what-happened-at-the-may-1864-battle-of-the-wilderness-in-the-us-civil-war?rq=Spotsylvania%20Court%20House\"><span>Battle of the Wilderness<\/span><\/a>, Sheridan, with Wilson&#8217;s division, was overaggressive, leading to heavy losses against the \u201cLaurel Brigade\u201d and preventing him from warning Meade of the Army of Northern Virginia&#8217;s position, thereby allowing the Southern cavalry to gain a strategic edge. Sheridan&#8217;s cavalry then failed to move on Lee&#8217;s flank and was halted by skirmishing along the Plank Road from May 5-8. Grant attempted to maneuver on Lee&#8217;s flank, but was thwarted because Sheridan failed to clear the road of Confederates between the Wilderness and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.historyisnowmagazine.com\/blog\/2024\/7\/27\/the-1864-battle-of-spotsylvania-court-house-in-the-us-civil-war?rq=Spotsylvania%20Court%20House\"><span>Spotsylvania Court House<\/span><\/a>. Sheridan&#8217;s failure to beat Lee&#8217;s cavalry to the Spotsylvania county seat so angered General Meade that personal animosity arose between them that never subsided.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">On May 9 Sheridan\u2019s command set out with the goal of killing famed Confederate cavalry general Jeb Stuart, he stating \u201cthere isn&#8217;t cavalry enough in the Southern Confederacy to stop us.\u201d The battle commenced at Yellow Tavern, where the chivalrous Stuart refused to submit and attacked with only half his force, eventually being repulsed and killed in action. With over twice the force, well-supplied and equipped with an advantage in artillery and firearms, Sheridan was victorious.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">After the death of Stuart, Lee reorganized his cavalry into three divisions that reported directly to him. Like Jackson, Lee was feeling the ill effects and burden of losing competent corps-level commanders. Southern cavalry was no longer what it had been without Stuart; William L. Wilson of the 12th Virginia Cavalry stated, \u201cThe cavalry corps has lost its great leader, the unequalled Stuart. We miss him much. Hampton is a good officer but Stuart\u2019s equal does not exist.\u201d The North took Stuart&#8217;s death as a great victory in itself.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">On May 28, the Battle of Haw&#8217;s Shop ended in a stalemate. However, the outnumbered Wade Hampton managed to defeat Sheridan on June 11 and 12 at Trevilian Station, engaging in two days of fighting and inflicting twice as many losses on the Federal forces as he sustained. A final Southern assault on the center and flank broke the Union lines, driving them from the field. Sheridan failed to achieve any of the raid&#8217;s objectives, particularly in disrupting vital rail junctions.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">As Sheridan retreated, Hampton&#8217;s smaller army continued to pursue him, attempting to engage in battle. However, Sheridan consistently refused to fight, aided by a river that separated the two forces. Hampton pursued and won at Samaria Church, successfully repelling Sheridan&#8217;s raid. Following this disaster, Sheridan was removed from cavalry command and sent to the Shenandoah Valley. Wittenberg summarized his actions as a cavalry general, stating that:<\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><em>\u201cSheridan did poorly in command of the cavalry corps. During his four months of leadership, the corps conducted three major raids, and fought thirteen major engagements\u2026only Yellow Tavern can be considered a victory for the Yankee horse soldiers\u2026in several of these fights, the federals were lucky to get out intact. He certainly did not earn the respect of southern cavalry.\u00a0 Brig general Thomas L. Rosser said \u201cSheridan displayed no skill in maneuvering, it was simply a square stand up fight, man to man, and Hampton whipped him.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">He did not serve well as the eyes and ears of the main body, and failed in the ultimate objectives of all four raids Grant sent him on. His neglect of the main command led to the army being trapped and vulnerable at the various North Anna engagements. Luck saved the Yankee army in those instances. Wittenberg adds, \u201cSheridan employed unimaginative tactics. His cavalry often fought as infantry, and he rarely demonstrated a true understanding of the nature of mounted combat.\u201d And \u201cSheridan was not a great cavalry commander. In fact his tenure as leader of the Army of the Potomac&#8217;s cavalry corps was lackluster at best.\u201d\u00a0 And he quotes Thomas Rosser, who wrote \u201cAs an infantry officer, Sheridan possessed fair ability, as a cavalry officer, he was the most absolute failure.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>The Valley<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">When he began the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.historyisnowmagazine.com\/blog\/2025\/5\/24\/major-general-james-wilson-an-indispensable-man-in-the-us-civil-war?rq=Valley%20Campaign\"><span>Valley Campaign<\/span><\/a>, Sheridan had a 2-1, and at times a 3-1, advantage in manpower. Yet he began very tentatively. His own subordinates carried out and planned most of the tactics used in battle; General Crook planned Fisher&#8217;s Hill, and the famous victory at Cedar Creek was already going the way of the North due to General Wright. Even Sheridan admitted to George Crook that the same result would have occurred whether he had arrived or not, as the battle had already begun to turn against the outnumbered Confederates. The entire time, he could not find a way to deal with the famous Confederate cavalryman John Mosby and his men, who wreaked havoc upon the Union army throughout the entire campaign. Wittenberg summarized:<\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><em>\u201cA detailed analysis of Sheridan&#8217;s record indicates that he lost most of the cavalry corps\u2019 fights during his stewardship. It also shows that any competent general should have dispatched Lt. Gen. Jubal Early\u2019s Confederate Army in the fall of 1864. Indeed, the odds were so overwhelming that even an incompetent commander should have defeated Early\u2019s tenacious little army\u2026Early actually out-generaled Sheridan at Winchester and Cedar Creek, two of their three major engagements.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><em>Jeb Smith is an author, speaker, and historian who has written five books, published over 130 articles in several publications, and has been featured on various podcasts, television, and radio interviews. For speaking engagements, interviews, or questions, please get in touch with him at <\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/authorjebsmith.com\/\"><span><em>authorJebSmith.com<\/em><\/span><\/a><em>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><strong>Enjoyed the piece?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Join thousands of history readers getting occasional updates on new blog posts, books, and video releases \u2014 plus a <strong>free history book<\/strong> to get you started.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><a href=\"http:\/\/eepurl.com\/r63xH\"><span><strong>Join History Is Now here<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"pvc_stats_10569\" class=\"pvc_stats total_only  \" data-element-id=\"10569\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon large\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" data-prefix=\"far\" data-icon=\"chart-bar\" role=\"img\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" class=\"svg-inline--fa fa-chart-bar fa-w-16 fa-2x\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M396.8 352h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V108.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v230.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zm-192 0h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V140.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v198.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zm96 0h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V204.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v134.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zM496 400H48V80c0-8.84-7.16-16-16-16H16C7.16 64 0 71.16 0 80v336c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h464c8.84 0 16-7.16 16-16v-16c0-8.84-7.16-16-16-16zm-387.2-48h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8v-70.4c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v70.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8z\" class=\"\"><\/path><\/svg><\/i> <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/dev95.site\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif?resize=16%2C16&#038;ssl=1\" border=0 \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"dev95-117109337\" class=\"dev95-after-content dev95-entity-placement\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Finally, a link that actually works for your region and device! \ud83c\udf0d Get instant access to the top exclusive offers tailored just for you right now. Don&#8217;t miss out, click here! \ud83d\udc47<\/strong><br data-sfc-root=\"ep\" data-sfc-pl=\"|||[]\" data-complete=\"true\" data-copy-service-computed-style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif, &quot;Noto Color Emoji&quot;; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.profitableratecpmnetwork.com\/uzeja8ahze?key=bc876be53d6ad0ff6370ab8ea030e479\"><strong>\ud83d\udd17 [Click here]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In Little Phil: A reassessment of the Civil War Leadership of Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, historian Eric J. Wittenberg critically examines the military performances of the famous Union commander. Jeb Smith considers this. General Philip H. Sheridan. Source: Public domain.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hosteria-entry-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dev95.site\/ar\/the-u-s-civil-war-leadership-of-general-philip-h-sheridan\/\" class=\"no-underline font-light  group-hover:text-primary-800 dark:group-hover:text-primary-300 py-1\">Read more &gt;&gt;&gt;<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"pvc_stats_10569\" class=\"pvc_stats total_only\" data-element-id=\"10569\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon large\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" data-prefix=\"far\" data-icon=\"chart-bar\" role=\"img\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\" class=\"svg-inline--fa fa-chart-bar fa-w-16 fa-2x\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M396.8 352h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V108.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v230.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zm-192 0h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V140.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v198.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zm96 0h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V204.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v134.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zM496 400H48V80c0-8.84-7.16-16-16-16H16C7.16 64 0 71.16 0 80v336c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h464c8.84 0 16-7.16 16-16v-16c0-8.84-7.16-16-16-16zm-387.2-48h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8v-70.4c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v70.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8z\" class=\"\"><\/path><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"https:\/\/dev95.site\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=\"0\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"fp_fajr_begins":"","fp_fajr_iqamah":"","fp_dhuhr_begins":"","fp_dhuhr_iqamah":"","fp_asr_begins":"","fp_asr_iqamah":"","fp_maghrib_begins":"","fp_maghrib_iqamah":"","fp_isha_begins":"","fp_isha_iqamah":"","fp_midnight":"","fp_midnight_name":"","fp_sunrise":"","fp_single_prayer_begins_title":"","fp_single_prayer_iqamah_title":"","fp_prayer_times_for_today":"","fp_hijra_date":"","fp_fajr_name":"","fp_dhuhr_name":"","fp_asr_name":"","fp_maghrib_name":"","fp_isha_name":"","fp_sunrise_name":"","fp_currentDate":"","fp_current_time":"","fp_current_title":"","fp_current_location":"","fp_masjid_name":"","fp_prayer_title":"","fp_next_prayer_iqamah_time":"","fp_next_prayer_iqamah_title":"","fp_next_prayer_begins_time":"","fp_next_prayer_begins_title":"","fp_next_prayer_title":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[37],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10569","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-posts"],"a3_pvc":{"activated":true,"total_views":1,"today_views":1},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The U.S. Civil War Leadership of General Philip H. 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